Literacy and First Graders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Literacy and First Graders - Essay prototypeLooking at literacy and reading readiness at the academic and scholastic level, it is much easier to see the reli able-bodied issues and concerns in literature.Pre-reading skills ar already considered to be of the most important in children learning to read cursorily and victoriously. These skills include, but are not limited to sight sense of letter and common spoken communication, phonemic awareness, sanctioned comprehension, writing skills, vocabulary, and word attack skills. Sight awareness suggests that children can fully recognize all letters in both lower and uppercase forms, and are able to recognize simple and common words (the, at, apple) regularly, with no assistance. This is perhaps the most crucial of all pre-reading skills, since children use this base to build vocabulary. Phonemic awareness is a childs understanding of what sounds a letter or a pair of letters makes, and how it can transpose from situation to situati on. This recognition makes it possible for children to link a written and a spoken word in their mind. Basic comprehension deals with a child understanding what they have read or had read to them, and able to discuss what they have just read or heard. Basic comprehension skills are essential for successful readers, since it is not the powerfulness to read a word, rather the competency to understand the word that is being tested. writing skills are considered pre-reading skills, since they help children develop a physical understanding of how words are formed, and how letters are formed. Along with basic comprehension, writing is used to determine a childs literacy rate, rather than necessarily improve their ability to read. While increased reading has been proven to improve writing skills, there have been no modern studies suggesting that the opposite is true. Vocabulary is the words that a child knows, which help them to decode words that they are unacquainted(predicate) with. The greater a childs vocabulary, the greater chance they have of being successful in understanding a new word or idea. Vocabulary is built both finished successful reading skills, and through comprehension of stories both read by the child and read to the child. Finally, word attack skills are the childs ability to look at a word and to successfully decipher its meaning, in the context in which it has been presented. The more than willing to attack a word a child is, the greater chance they have of succeeding. These skills are all necessary pre-reading skills, and are presented in Tivnan and Hemphills 2005 study of literacy programs in high poverty areas. By expression at children from high poverty areas, and from minority groups, it is clear that literacy is still a primary concern for the educational community.Children from low socioeconomic classes, particularly those from minority families, are at risk for developing poor literacy skills. These children see school with less early literacy training, and are more likely to leave elementary school with an pitiable ability to read (Tivnan and Hemphill, 2005). Clearly, early introduction to pre-reading skills and literacy campaigns makes a significant difference in childrens ability to jump out at the reading task. Children from poor

Management leadership and performance for new products Dissertation

Management leadership and performance for new products - Dissertation eccentricBased on this research it is through accountable leadership that the decisions on which technological advances are lift out to adopt in order to ensure improved production are formulated. However leaders should be encouraged to also seek the suggestions of their subjects as they could also be of help. The management of Clydesdale bank has to undertake a marketplace analysis with which they can be able to establish their target group hence market segmentation. Counterfactual experiments are always a challenge for those who continue to practice them and they end up with intricate results. This can be illustrated in a nation that has been dominated by the need for balance of ply to the extent that they do not consider alternative perspectives. Despite the fact that some of them go ahead(predicate) to practice the issue of power transition, they still find themselves experiencing some of the past power s tylistics which they thought would throw through the transition process. This is attributed to the belief that, equal distribution of power in a country is a driving force to the international politics. Economic wealth on the other hand, is viewed as a major(ip) source of power for many countries that can now be grouped as the developed nations. This is because, for a long period of time they have been able to immerse wealth that enables them to be independent. Through trading operations management, the organizational structure ensures that there is a flexible relationship between production and the amount of use by the consumers. Inputs should at the end of the day be processed into outputs. There has to be a haunt supply of labour to ensure consistency in production. The resources that are acquired have to be used skilfully in order to obtain maximum profit. Through operations the bank should be able to produce up with social networks so as to facilitate acquisition of skills from other organizations. This encourages the process of induction in the companies in their endeavor to increase productivity (Sang-hun 2010, p. 6).

Research Methods in Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Methods in Management - Assignment ExampleNext, methods of analysis of data will be highlighted. Finally a conclusion will synthesize the main points to demonstrate the importance of knowledge of look methods in management.In experimental investigate there is the explicit assumption that the universe functions according to causative laws (Creswell, 2003). The purpose of an experimental formulate is to establish the cause-effect relationship between sets of variables, by way of isolating sham casual factors, and go outling suspected confounding or extraneous variables. It is hypothesized that an case-by-case variable causes changes in a dependent variable, and that alternate hypotheses can be provided by other factors that are able to influence the results.The externalize uses random selection procedures to recruit a sample and randomly allocates participants to two or more groups (i.e., treatment group/s and a control group) (Neely, Gregory & Plats, 2005). Due to th ese random procedures, experimental methods put up for high extraneous validity (generalization of results to a wider population), as the sample is more likely to be representative of that population.Alternatively, a quasi-experimental investigate design does not use random allocation of participants to groups, instead they are self-selecting (e.g., they have cancer or they do not have cancer) (Bryman, 2002). The quasi-experimental design is used in studies that are unable to control the independent variable, or when it is considered unethical or unfeasible to attempt to control the IV. The two main types of quasi-experimental designs are 1) the non-equivalent control group and 2) the pre-post design. Non-equivalent control group designs have both a treatment and a control group, whereas the pre-post design has no comparison group, as each participants serves as their own control in regards to their pre-test data. Due to the wishing of random allocation the results of quasi-expe riments cannot be generalized to a wider population with as much confidence as with an experimental design. in that location is also the non-experimental design in which no treatments (i.e., independent variable/s) are given to participants (Bryman, 2002). There is no random selection or random allocation of participants, and so the results of the study are unable to be generalized at all, as no causal relationships can be predicted. These designs tend to be used to investigate naturally occurring phenomenon in which the independent and dependent variables vary without researcher intervention.The advantages of experimental research methods are that the use of quantitative levels measurement (i.e., numerical data), random selection and allocation procedures, and a controlled environment, allow for higher confidence in the results, as well as greater generalizability of the results (Creswell, 2003). The results are more

International Contract jurisdiction hypothetical Essay

International Contract jurisdiction supposed(a) - Essay Examplebreach of scale down attached in Queensland, regardless of where the subjugate was make and whether or not the breach was preceded of accompanied by a breach...rendering impossible the performance of a part of the contract that ought to be performed in Queensland (Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 (124)(1)(i)).In this case, the rules probably will not harbor the woo jurisdiction. The contract was not made in Queensland the contract was kill in England. It also states that service is permitted if the contract is governed by the law of Queensland. The contract did not state which law governed, so this clause does not check effect.So, now the former(a) two clauses must be examined that service would be permitted if the breach of contract was committed in Queensland. Was the breach of contract committed in Queensland? Probably not. The breach occurred in England, as the freight rate was packed in England, and the p acking of the consignment was the cause of the damage. The other clause is that service is permitted when the contract is made by one or more parties carrying on credit line or residing in Queensland. The contract was executed by Global Freighting in England, and they do not reside in Queensland. However, they are carrying on business in Queensland, so this might be a basis for service. However, the term carrying on business is multifariousness of vague is it enough that Global Freighting made a contract with a Queensland company would this be considered to be carrying on business?If this is not a basis for jurisdiction, then we need to look at other connecting factors. They are residence, domicile or presence of defendant in the courts jurisdiction (Akbarali v. Brent LBC). In this case, none of these connecting factors are present defendant does not reside in Queensland, is not domiciled and has never been to Queensland. Therefore, connecting factors would not give Queensland jurisdiction either.Plus, the doctrine of

How Experience of Colonialism Affected Latin American Development And Essay

How Experience of Colonialism change Latin American Development And Post- liberty - Essay ExampleThis report stresses that Tte wars for independence lead to fragmentation of the be political order, militarization and mobilization of war resources that ultimately continued the civil wars even after independence. The independence was not immediately accompanied by economic and social growth since there were not property rights protection and enough structures that could guarantee trade flows. Haiti was one of the lucrative countries imputable to exports of sugar and French colonizers strained the country to pay reparations after its independence in 1804 thus shelling out more than 80 percent of the nations budget. This paper makes a conclusion that colonisation of Latin America led to different economic, political and social changes such as new languages, Christianity, and new cultures. The colonial period was attach by economic exploitation of raw materials and political oppress ion of the natives. The Haiti rotation and subsequent French revolution inspired Latin American movements for independence and led to new nations that faced numerous governance challenges due to lack of constitution and struggles for economic success by the elite natives. The post-independence period was marked by export-led economy, multitude coups, internal conflicts and clamor for political revolution. However, the current Latin American society has integrated in to realism markets and is currently experiencing political stability due to democratic governance and social welfare policies.

How UNICIEF Has Changed the Perception of Children Coursework

How UNICIEF Has Changed the Perception of Children - Coursework ExampleChildren fork out been given particular attention in the world. This is due to the fact that for a long time now, society has been neglecting children and in some societies, the rights of children have been glossily ignored. The UN has made strides in protecting the rights of children and therefore it has created a separate body UNICEF which is given the mission of smell at the welf ar of children.It is in the sense that children are the inheritors of the world. A society that does not take mete out of its tomorrow is doomed to become extinct in the future. The main responsibility that any parent takes is to realize up a child who will inherit the world and leave it a better dwelling house than we have been able to build it. Therefore it is important to bring up children in a modal value that they feel a part of the world.For a long time, children have been treated as less reach universes in society. They h ave been candid to all forms of abuse regardless of the future that any community is molding. This has had an final result on the generation that inherits the society as it has come to adopt the same social life that it has been exposed to when still young. It has been shown that children who are exposed to abuses are likely to result in the same means when they upgrade up since they come to adopt it as the accepted way of life. (Your Rights, 2008)Children have not only being abused in society but also in the family furbish up up. Discrimination of children has been one of the forms of abuses that have been used against children. In this regard access to family, resources have been dictated by the cultural beliefs and the set that are attached to some sexes. In many societies, males have been given preference over females due to the values that are attached to them. In India history has it that millions of females are still killed when young as they are considered a burden to s ociety. Wives all over the world have been divorced as they dont splay their husband the preferred child. The fact that we have fails to recognize the rights of each and every child right from the family set up has been the main cause of the lack of observance of children rights in the society.

The Reasons of United States Participation in the War of 1812 Research Paper

The Reasons of get together States Participation in the War of 1812 - Research Paper ExampleAt that time, the US was providing France with most of the goods that she demand along the way. Using the power of her navy, heavy(p) Britain blocked all ways by which the handle happened amid the French coasts and the Caribbean and the US Atlantic coasts. The only vessels that were allowed to pass unimpeded to the US were those that had passed through one of the ports of Great Britain. This raises many questions like Why did the US enter into a war with Great Britain despite conducting trade with it? What were the economic interests of the US to enter the war? And how popular was the war among the Americans? To address these questions, this paper will first, plow well-nigh of the consequences of the American Revolution and personal interests of the Americans, the Amerindians, and the British whose conflicts contributed to the commencement of the War of 1812 second, explain the strategi es used by the Great Britain to restrict the export of the American goods to France that provided the US with an objective reason to start the war in national defence and explains that the firm support of the native Indian uprisings in the western territories of the US as well as in the continental US for the British government in Canada was a gigantic concern for the Americans, and third, briefly discusses the results of the war and the advantages and disadvantages of the participation of the Americans in the war. The advantages described there also highlight some of the potential reasons for the participation of the US in the War of 1812. II. Body The Revolutionary War was brought to an end as the Treaty of Paris was signed in the year 1783. As a result of the Revolutionary War, the US was established among the worlds nations. However, the Treaty of Paris neither provided any guarantee for the survival of the bleak nation nor guaranteed that the European powers would always resp ect the rights of the new nation. In order to be in the status to freely carry out the trade with all countries across the globe, the government of the US strived hard to looker a balance between diplomacy and preparedness of the military. From the year 1793 to the year 1815, Great Britain and France saw a period of prolonged wars that instigated the French Revolution, and immensely complicated the tendency of the US to safeguard the rights of sailors and shipping. In step-up to that, a significant population of the Americans along the western frontier of the nation believed that the Indian raids were encouraged by the British in Canada on their settlements. After the American Revolution, not everyone was satisfied with the way the land had been divided. The British and the Canadian merchants were both displeased over the loss of the Ohio River valley that encapsulated numerous routes through which trade could be conducted. Also, a large Amerindian population dwelled in the Ohio River valley, a major part of which had sided with the British during the American Revolution, and were by then willing to have an Indian state created toward the Lake Eries south and west. The idea was warmly welcomed by the British because it served numerous interests of the British. For one, this would facilitate the fur trade.

Assignment about Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment about leaders - Essay ExampleThis is the case with Benes. He had non bothered to know how Madoff made all the money. cod Diligence requires that every investor undertake an investigation that aims at gathering information on the actual risks affect when one is getting into any investment.It is clear that most of these feeder funds failed to do due pains since they had so much faith in Madoff. It is said that Madoff was a successful party player in Wall Street and thus expected to have a pool of experience in personal credit line trading. The single thing that actually made passel believe so easily in him is the incident that the throng who had already invested into his Company were making a lot of money consistently even when the grocery store was down.Madoff also allowed them to operate without paying fees for their transactions, a move that enabled them to make a lot of money from many investors they had in their firms. This was bait since they saw they could e arn even more money from these operations. It was also easy for people not to perform due diligence because many huge companies and prominent people had invested with Madoff. This made people trust in Madoff as an expert in his field.The study of Bernie Madoff scandal brings out a tot of personalities about him. To start with, it is easier to say that He had a narcissistic personality since it is evident he was suddenly convinced that he was better than everyone else was.Looking at the whole scandal, we can only conclude that Madoff was a great liar. He snitchd everyone. No one knew how the company made all those funds, starting from his family to the Government. He managed to deceive everyone for around 30 years Madoff operated his illegal business. He stole from so many people and did not care the harm he caused them, both financially and emotionally. This is also seen when Bienes firm was closed down afterward it was said it was an illegal firm. Bienes was

A Strategic report on The CrossChannel Transport Business and Essay

A Strategic report on The CrossChannel shipping Business and Eurotunnel (GET.SA) - Essay ExampleChoice affects outcomes and this is the nature of strategy. Whereas organizations can often function just beautiful in periods of stability, this is not appropriate for long-term success. Environmental turbulence and competition are sure to sum up at some point, at which the company that was relying so heavily on the stability will be adversely affected. This is the very basis of the formation of strategic management. Whatever strategy a company decides to take will be based on their unique organizational structure, their access to resources, their relationship with the environment, and their desired objective(s) (Wikipedia, 2008). competency on Cross-Channel trading has grown with the opening of the tunnel in 1994, and with bigger modernized ferries, and fast seaplane services. Unlike commencement-cost airlines where lower prices have led to a growth in travel, demand for vehicle transit across the channel has not also grown rapidly, therefore and intensely competitive moorage persists, especially away from holiday peaks.It is easily notable here that while Eurotunnel is experience steadiness, they are not experiencing the growth they desire. People have other choices for travel, such as flying. When the price of airline travel goes down, Eurotunnel experiences slight business.Road freight traffic grows steadily with economical growth in the EU car traffic (especially from the UK) is largely dependent on shopping and vacation choices. Eurotunnel also has rail-user customers Eurostar and Rail-freight the former is growing rapidly, the latter has problems. match to the company information that is provided to the public on their corporate website, Eurotunnel is the holder, until 2086, of the Concession to operate the cross-Channel Fixed Link do up of twin rail tunnels and a service tunnel below the bed of the Straits of Dover, of two terminals in Folkest one (Kent) and Coquelles (Pas-de-Calais) which provide access, as well as a fleet of 25 Shuttles which transport passenger vehicles or trucks. This impressive undersea structure, the longest in the world, also gives passage to passenger and freight carrying trains belong to rail operators (Eurotunnel, 2008).There are current and future key issues and trends that are likely to affect this grocery and GET.SAs strategy-making. One major issue is the abolishment of the Strategic Rail Authority in 2006, as it is further to be determined how this will strategically affect the industry. The United Kingdoms growth rate largely determines the educate of the passenger and freight transport markets in the country. According to Bharat Book Review The present economic mood remains favourable for companies operating in the market, with economic growth steady, and both inflation and unemployment levels relatively low by historical standards. Rail passenger markets benefit from the fact that wo rk-related trips, both the journey to work and trips undertaken as part of business activity, are likely to be relatively inelastic to short changes in the economic climate. Rail freight, which serves markets for the carriage of industrial materials, is likely to be relatively unaffected by any short-term fluctuations in consumer demand (2006).There are other customer concerns that are affecting this market. First of all, they are concerned about issues such as safety and security.

Target Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

commit - Research wallpaper ExampleProduct step plays an important role in determination of performance of companies that gain success in the long term (Foss & Knudsen, 2003). In this paper, the issue of maintaining good quality of products by Target sens has been discussed as a method of defeating the companys rivals (Ehmke, 2008). Customers prefer making purchases from Target stores since they get the book products that they are searching for at the most reasonable prices (Nadia, 2001). The key strategies that have led this company up the success ladder are excellent marketing and advertising strategies, laid-back brand value unquestionable through strategic promotion of brand and intense product differentiation (Franco-Santos, et al., 2007). Being one of the altitude ranking companies in the US market, the company faces steep competition from other dominant firms in the market, such(prenominal) as, Wal-Mart, K-Mart and Costco. However, recently, the firm has been facing c ertain problems, such as high price of products than market standards and very shutdown substitutes of its products. The main issue faced by Target Corporation is that whether it should follow the strategy of maintaining high quality of its products. The two contesting arenas that arise in this regard are high quality and high price. Target is considering high quality for its products while it is out wedged by competitors that offer low priced products. This paper is dedicated to the discussion of bringing solution to this problem. Different possible solutions to this problem would be discussed. These solutions are provided after considering the current barter environment in which the company operates. Although, all the possible solutions are proposed on the basis of the round analytic thinking of the company situation and everywhereall industry condition, these refer to diverse aspects. However, in order to gain returns over its nearest rivals, the company would have to iden tify the loop holes in which it is directly lagging throne its competitors. In this case, the problem is that the company is facing price war. Competitors, such as Wal-Mart, K-Mart and Costco, which are known across the globe for their low price items, are gaining edge over Target Corporation, since the prices charged by Target are higher than the products that they offer. In this case the company might aim at reducing bell so as offer the products at lowered prices. However, price wars can be sustained except up to a certain limit, beyond which prices cannot be reduced for maintaining profitable business. Hence, it would have to take some other option for maintaining its competitive position in the industry. These possible solutions are discussed in the next section. mathematical solutions to the problem In the current business world, companies are concerned about the gaining an extra edge over other market players. An important aspect that helps in assessing the performance o f a particular company in the market is the extent to which customers would be attracted more towards a particular brand than other brands available in the market. It is imperative for every business to develop a base of loyal customers that would increase over fourth dimension (Smith & Wright, 2004). Niche markets are growing rapidly in the modern world and they are increasing sentiency of customers about product features and characteristics of products that they

Describe what set the Young, Middle and Old Guards apart from each Essay

Describe what club the Young, Middle and middle-aged Guards apart from each other and from the GrandArmee in general - Essay ExampleThe Old Guards were the close prominent and were the creme de la creme of Napoleons infantry. In order to be admitted to this concourse, the aspirant should consecrate at least 10 years of service, not exceeding 35 years of age, can take in and write, with exemplary conduct, recognized for a brave act, and must at least have a bill of 510 and 58 for grenadier and chasseur, respectively. Men who have received the Legion of detect Award are admitted even without reaching the height marks. With this set of requirements, it is not surprising to learn that they were the battle-hardened veterans, the most bold, and the strongest amongst the guards. In fact, they were labeled as The Grumblers, The Eagles, The Gaiter Straps, or The Supporters of the Usurper (Yudice et al., French Guard n. pag).Another separate is that of the Middle Guards, which was for med between 1806 and 1809. This group includes veterans with at least 6 years of service the tertiary Grenadiers, the Amsterdam Veteran Company, corporals and privates of the 2nd Grenadiers, 2nd Chasseurs and Fusiliers, and the Velites of Florence and Turin (The Young Guard in Action 4). In 1811, after the disbandment of 1806 regiment units, this division was restored by admitting 500 men with 5 years of service along with 1,000 men coming from the battalions. The most notable account for Middle Guards was concerning their exceptional skills in artillery (Macready, qtd in Yudice et al., Napoleons Guard n. pag).Last of all three groups was the Young Guard, formed around 1809. This group was composed of newly raised regiments (Haythornthwaite 7), rigorously trained by Cadres who came from the Old Guards, as well as by the strongest and best educated Privates. The first trained regiments came out as strong and healthy men, as they flushed their martial air with their great stamina. M oreover, the Young Guards consisted of the best

The design book for new home owners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The invent book for new home owners - Es verbalise object lessonbook writer, my father architect and author Eduardo Rozas, for his kindness and devotion, and for his endless support with my career his selflessness leave alone always be remembered.I have enormous sympathy for homeowners. We all know what a skin it is to find the home that fits your lifestyle, wish list, and budget. I deal with questions regarding this issue on a daily basis. This is middling much my life like the popular saying I am my business, my business is me.I am a natural problem solver. I was the oldest sister to two brothers and always had to look after them. This is the same way I treat my clients and is partly what inspired this books creation. This is a book that leave non only help my clients or people I know, but people around the dry land who struggle when it is time to find that perfect house.In my research for this book I was not capable to find a guide or a manual that had all the content nee ded to not only find the home of your trances, but to also design it afterwards. This is my professional approach to this problem homeowners and upcoming homeowners face.So here you are about to read my years of knowledge and professional experience. From now on when I am faced with a challenging question from clients, I am proud to say I have a book that may help you achieve all your goals when finding this dream home.I have ten years of experience with residential and commercial architectural and interior design clients, and seven years of studies in the areas of architecture and interior design. Not only have I helped my clients, I have also helped family and friends.I come from a family of architects, including my parents, sister, brother-in-law, and brother. Architecture, design and art are part of who I am and my life. I felt the need to put this knowledge to use and reach a big audience. In reality not everyone can afford or feel comfortable hiring an architect or interior designer. Additionally, this world is filled of do it yourselfers.

Discuss your reading habits. What type of writings do you tend to read Essay

Discuss your pictureing habits. What type of writings do you tend to read most (novels, magazines, web sites, newspapers) and why - Essay ExampleI consider it quite unfortunate on their part and do not give any un due(p) blame on the apologue itself as well as the fiction writers.In our non-fiction world, the role of fiction has attained significance due to the element of faked-ness which is present inside it. Fiction is glorifying the lives of the people and hence making them look different from each opposite and yet superior in the same light. Non-fiction writing texts merely state something which has happened and thus look to conform the happenings from an ethically correct standpoint whilst taking care of the norms present within the order. (Ziolkowski, 1997) Thus the criticism that comes from the societys perspective is something which is deep inherent within the values that the non-fiction works advocate and thus it provides for steady reasoning that the non-fiction writ ing works are generally more than open to debate and criticism than the fiction texts. I opine that the reader goes in a deep cave, away from the practicalities of life and finds an escape travel guidebook within fiction. What this offers is the other side of the truth. Thus for me fiction essays provide mystery, romance and so much more to the idle mind, which is also idealistic in nature.Fiction has seemed to play a pivotal role within my realms as it presents the other side of the world in a way. It makes people look ideal from an nonrational setting. They become super-humans as a matter of fact. Thus fiction portrays the desires and cravings of the people in more ways than one and there is absolutely no denying the very fact. In the end, the role of fiction cannot be denied its due place since vocabulary is increased, dramatization is made stronger and generally people believe that it is a very efficacious medium of conveying a story with a moral ending.I would like to end this intervention by suggesting that reading fiction is like painting on

Analyze the influences of internal politics in desired career path in Essay

Analyze the influences of internal politics in desired go path in criminal justice - Essay ExampleThe only possible report to heap up from jail, courtrooms and detectives will come from males. This will make the crime investigation findings biased. Second, the sheriffs office does not support a crime shooting department or even a trained person in the crime scene. This will affect the investigations since at that place is no one to combine forces with in the investigations. According to Braswell, 2008, since thither is no crime scene unit, the findings from the investigations might look irrelevant to the office because even after the findings, thither is no department that will seem interested with the findings. As an investigator, it is good to attend crime scene education training in order to work efficiently (Braswell, 2008). In the sheriffs office, there is no one who attends continuing education training on crime scene investigation. This will affect the investigations sinc e there will be no morale from coworkers to enhance crime scene investigation. Finally, for crime scene investigation to be successful there must be modern equipments to support the investigation (Braswell, 2008). In the sheriffs office, there are no modern equipments supporting these investigations. This will influence the effectiveness of the investigations carried

Program Planning, Research, and Evaluation Essay

Program Planning, Research, and evaluation - Essay ExampleSince the children cannot access most of the health check-ups and treatments due to lack of resources. This health promotion architectural plan will be developed in conjunction with Everett Community Health Partnership (ECHP). The mission of ECHP is to fire health and the standard of life of the community of Everett. This is done by generating chances for the organizations, individuals, and families to work together and strategically in solving essential difficulties in the community (Cambridge Health Alliance, 2014).3The basic community health do by assessment provides an evaluation of the general health status by the community members. However, this assessment has been difficult to be determined in the Everett, MA Public School System due to community violence. This research is of import in establishing the effect of the persistent community violence on their (community members, that is, children) academic ability, subs tance use, as swell as behavioral and emotional factors. This is because the African American girls are from an ethnic minority group that is disposed to persistent community violence (Cooley-Strickland et al., 2009).3The city of Everett is in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, close to Boston. At the time of the unify States Census in 2011, the total population estimate of the city was 41,079. The Everett, MA Public School is dictated at 100 Elm St, Everett, MA 02149 (Everett Public Schools, 2014).4However, MA Everett public school has a drop-out rate of 3.3%, which exceeds the states rate of 2.2%, but performs better than the state in regard to in-school suspensions with 1.4% as compared to 2.2% (Cambridge Health Alliance, 2014). The Everett High School graduation rate is 86.5%, which is in accordance with 85% state graduation rate (Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, 2014). Hospitalization as a result of mental derangement is high in Everett in all age groups (Cambridge Health Alliance, 2014).5The

Advantages of Computer Essay Example for Free

Advantages of Computer EssayAgriculture is a vital sector of Pakistans saving and accounted for almost 30 percent of GDP annually, according to government estimates. The sector directly supports three-quarters of the countrys population, employs half the industry force, and contributes a large share of foreign exchange earnings. The main agricultural products are cotton, stubble, strain, sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables, in supplement to milk, beef, mutton, and eggs. Pakistan depends on one of the worlds largest irrigation systems to support production.The following are the main crops cultivated in Pakistan chaff husk is a staple food used in manufacture of baked products. It is grown on Barani lands. Wheat is grown in Punjab, Sindh and some parts of K.P.K for cultivation of wheat. The temperature is favorable from October to May for the production of wheat. It does not invite a lot of pissing. Pakistan is not self sufficient in wheat production and has to import wheat f rom foreign countries. It accounts for over 70% of gross cereals and over 36% of the countrys acreage is apply to wheat cultivation.RiceRice is a Kharif crop and needs a great deal of water and heat. It is known as crop of water. It is grown in Punjab and Sindh. North-eastern Punjab and Larkana district are main rice growing regions. The Irri, Basmati and desi varieties are grown in Pakistan. Basmati is the most famous variety of rice grown in Pakistan. Its highest acreage is in the north eastern part of Pakistan. Pakistan is the worlds fourteenth largest producer of rice. Pakistan produces near 6 million tons of rice a year.Sugar CaneSugarcane is included in both Rabi and Kharif Crops. It is an important cash crop of Pakistan. It is a type of long grass perennial in nature. It is the most important and cheapest source of refined sugar. Gur,Alcohol and Desi Shakkar are also prepared from Sugar cane.The left forbidden stalk fibers (bagasse) are used in the paper industries. It is cultivated in the spring season and harvested in November-December. It is mostly cultivated in canal irrigated areas of Punjab, KPK and Sindh provinces.CottonCotton also known as the bills Fiber is the most important cash crop of Pakistan. It is known to have been produced in the Indus plain since 3000 BC. Pakistan, ranks ordinal in world cotton production and earns a large amount of foreign exchange from its export. It accounts for approximately one half of the all materials that are made into cloth and provides employment to 2/3rd of industrial labour force Cotton is a Kharif crop and is grown in canal irrigated areas of Punjab and Sindh and also in some parts of Baluchistan and KPK.

Celebrities from magazines Essay Example for Free

Celebrities from magazines EssayI gull chosen to study and research this statement as I believe that the media puts pressure on new girls to conform to to the idealistic images constantly portrayed in the media. Slimming articles along with related television programmed has increased. The number of junior girls within this age span that develop eat disorders has increased in the last thirty five years. I feel that the media and its ideal of super slim models and celebrities that dominate the media affect me. I intend to take in charge the issue head on and archetypal of all ask the question what is the relationship between the media and eating disorders.Vaughnhan and Fous conducted a study sounding at the amount of time that girls were exposed to media and the development of eating disorders. They use 374 girls ranging from 12-14. They were evaluateed twice at different times, each being one year apart. The girls were given the same survey both times which contained que stions regarding the amount of time they were exposed to fashion magazines and TV. They also included questions that would reveal symptoms of switch eating disorders. After obtaining the results from these surveys they were able to com up with some possible conclusions.The results showed that the girls who had increased their exposure to fashion magazines from the first survey to the second had also increased signs of eating disorder symptoms, and visor versa. The evidence from this study declare that there is a definite link between developing eating disorders and the media. Results also imply that girls become influenced by the media and can develop a complex about their bodies from a unsalted age. From this we can take heed that media has a direct effect on young girls which could lead to eating disorders.Girls/women predominantly strive to be perceived as attractive to the opposite sex. I want to see if within the last cardinal years the ideal body image has changed. Is th e ideal woman sown as slim, attractive young etc.? Garner, looked into this when he assed the height , weight and body measurements of Playboy centrefolds and miss America pageants from 1960 to 1979. He raise that the percentage of the average weight of the models had decreased. In 1960 the average weight of playboy models were 91% of the average mean, scarcely by 1978 the mean weight of the models had dropped to 84%.It would be interesting to see id this trend continued, from my own observations of women use in the media today, when the normal size for a model is a size 6, I would believe that they had, from looking at various popular fashion magazines. This would suggest that the statement thin is in used in these magazines is true. Both studies suggest that the concept I lay out, that womens ideal shape that they strive to be is flat influenced by the material they read, is very much true.

The Colour Purple essay Essay Example for Free

The falsify Purple es claim Essay1) What do you learn about Celies attitudes to liveliness in these earns?2) indite about baby buggys method of grave the story in letter 90.3) Some readers see the ending of the invigorated as a triumph of the human spirit. Some see it as sickly and sentimental. What do you take about the novels ending?1) By earn 89 and 90 Celies attitudes to feeling have changed considerably from the early letters of the novel. Celies attitude is extremely positive and she appears to have triumphed over her oppression, through her human spirit, attitude to life and bonds of sisterhood. This is surfacen in letter 89 by the way her and Shug respond to each other She look at me funny for a minute, I look at her. Then us laugh.This shows her sense of contentment and an intimately carefree and happy attitude towards life. Laughter being a symbol of healing and regeneration suggests that condescension Celies horrendous past experiences her psyche has bee n healed and she is content in her life.In letter 89 Alice Walker portrays Celie with an air of confidence and defiance, Celie is finally prepa vehement to not be passive in her response to dissimilitude and oppression she is prepared to question authority. Walker shows Celie to be proud of Sofias authority over a albumin man she scare that white man. Anybody else colored he try to call em auntie or something. First time he try that with Sofia she ast him which colored man his mama sister marry.T here(predicate) is a lot of symbolism used in letter 89 which imply aspects of Celies attitudes to life. She shows her room to ShugWell here it is, I say, standing in the door. Everything in my room gallant and red cept the floor,The colours purple and red symbolise bruises on a beaten womans skin and in painting her room these colours her attitudes towards life are revealed, it suggests that Celie accepts her past life of abuse. However purple also symbolises beauty, royalty, it is a co lor Celie associates with vivacious women such as Shug and a color she feels was put on earth by perfection. By surrounding herself with purple it represents Celies new found confident attitude to life and contentment that her future life will be beautiful.Letter 90 shows Celies changed attitudes to spirituality within her life, opening the letter in a heartfelt way God. Dear stars, dear treesDear everything. Dear God Celies changing outlook upon religion with the rejection of a patriarchal God and new belief that God is within everything, as well as the return of both Shug in letter 89 and Celies family in letter 90 has led to Celies sense of calm and inner peace, which is portrayed within these letters. This is expressed in her final sentencesBut I dont think us feel old at all. And us so happy. Matter of fact, I think this is the youngest us ever felt.These final sentences also depict Celies final self-acceptance and philosophic reflection upon her life. It concludes her jour ney to freedom from oppression, which the book has charted.2) Just as Celies attitudes to life have changed, by letter 90 there is a noticeable change in Celies language style, she has a more advance(a) lexis and syntax which contrasts significantly to her early letters to God. Whereas Walkers use of language for Celies character in the early letters expresses her lack of education, Walkers change in Celies language shows Celies life education. It depicts the change from Celie being a naive guileless narrator to a confident woman, educated through life and others such as Nettie. The change in Celies vocabulary and grammatical style suggests she has learnt from Netties carefully composed letters.However, letter 90 also shows how Walker does not abandon Celies mimetic style and her use of the colloquial black American dialectThis Shug and Albert, I say. Everybody say pleased to MeetchaCelie continues to include phonetical spellings such as Meetcha and to use the present tense for pa st events such as I say instead of I said. Both of these are features of the dialect of the Deep South and show that Walker has continued to express aspects of black American cultural identity through Celies language throughout the novel. Often throughout history the voices of this community have not been heard and in her method of telling the story Walker allows them to have a voice through Celies vernacular.

Capital punishment and why does the Church (Christianity) oppose it so much Essay Example for Free

Capital penalization and why does the perform (Christianity) oppose it so much EssayMan is a sacred and uncommon creature created by perfection. When perfection has created the Universe, light, the birds, animals, the trees, water and the earth, he had given a lot of wideness to man. render from the Bible suggests that God had left creating man as his final task, and later on he had created man, God was so amazed, satisfied with himself and fulfilled with his own creation, that he decided to rest (on the S flushth day). Through his creation of man, he had provided a reflection of himself (The Old will Genesis 1). In deed God has given a lot of importance to man, and no one has the right to take away or ruin the heart this very special and beautiful creation of God. Countries throughout the World are beginning to understand the importance of heavy(p) penalization and are slowly outlawing such(prenominal) laws. However, certain substantial countries such as the US are sti ll encouraging Capital penalty. The US had stopped bang-up penalisement for some accomplishment of time (from 1972 to 1977). However, the practice resumed again avocation Gregg V. Georgia expression (Horigan, 2004). Most of the states in the US stand Capital punishment only in very specific instances. However, the very existence of such an natural selection in the judiciary system, does suggest the produces Support to this in tender act. The rate of death penalty in the US has dropped since the 1930s, further this has no fully ended.The largest number of executions is performed by the State of Texas, and the highest percentage of the population executed by the State is Virginia (Robinson, 2006). The response of the US public to detonating device punishment is somewhat mixed. However, the re save of the Canadian flock to jacket punishment was likewise similar, but the Country has abolished big(p) punishment. Depending on the ripeness of their crime, the crimes are im prisoned even for indefinite periods (Robinson, 2006). Canada has also shown that imposition of groovy punishment does non necessarily result in a drop in the crime rates. The Japanese on the other which permit capital punishment moderate a crime rate much below that of the US.Hence, it can be demonstrated that capital punishment may not play an important role in crime (Robinson, 2006). In the US, m all masses who dumbfound been executed by the law, were found not even to be given a tight-laced lawyer during their trials.Several states in the US that have capital punishment in their heavy systems see to have a higher criminal rate than those which do not have capital punishment (Robinson, 2006). People may tincture that by incorporating capital punishment in their legal systems, the State is cheapening the apprize of human sustenance. Hence, the crime rates in such states are on the rise. Several other factors such as poor socio-economic status, low educational levels, po or living conditions, etc, may be related with an ontogenesis in the crime rates. The Church has seriously opposed the use of capital punishment in case of serious crime. Pope John Paul II has opposed the imposition of death penalty by the State (Dulles, 2001). Christians give a lot of importance to life and have opposed any carry out that could result in the violation to the right to life such as murder, abortion, suicide, euthanasia, etc. Christians usually happen that as God has controlled life, no one including the Governments and the Courts can take away a human life. In the Old Testament, death was specifically suggested to those who had sinned or committed offences (such as murder and adultery). The Sacred Covenant during Noah had mentioned that anyone who offenders and disobeys God be stoned or hanged to death. Several episodes in the Old Testament such as those of with Korah, Dathan, and Abiram (Numbers 16), have given instances in which capital punishment was performed to penalize sinners. People who helped to execute the will of God by ending the life of the offenders were considered as Agents of God. legion(predicate) Countries of the World still follow the Old Testament of capital punishment in penalizing serious crimes. However, things have changed since the New Testament times. Although Jesus Christ had not communicate much about the use of capital punishment by the state, indirect instances are present in the New Testament which may suggest that Jesus was against the practice of capital punishment. One of these instances included the kill of a woman who had sinned. Jesus did not allow his disciples to pronounce curses of destruction of death on people who did not have feelings of love towards others.In John 1911, Jesus told Pilate that he had the authority to clock time anybody who had sinned against God, and that Pilate had the right to fulfill Gods intentions. In Matthew 2652, Jesus told Peter to put tush his sword when he was arreste d. Jesus even put back the soldiers piece of ear, after Peter had cut it with his sword. In Luke 23 41, Jesus tells the thief crucified on his side, that they were receiving punishment for the sins that they had committed on earth. Christianity believed in the concept of love thy neighbor as thy self, and Jesus in his preaching convey that this feeling should be extended to every aspect of life. We could potentially extent its application for use to nix capital punishment. In the New Testament after Christ, there may be several instances in which capital punishment was encouraged. However, these instances may not directly support capital punishment. In Acts 5 1-11, capital meters were imposed because they disobeyed Simon Peter. The Letter to the Hebrews also encouraged the Mosaic Laws on capital punishment.St. Paul told the Romans that death sentence was a mean of expressing Gods intentions against sinners. However, there have also been instances in the New Testament in which the Church and Christians have opposed death sentence. During the early Christianity period, the Church did not approve Christians to hold up as executioners of death sentences (Dulles, 2001). St. Augustine felt that the Fifth Commandant should be utilized even to prevent execution of death sentences and killing of criminals. He wrote an entire book about Capital punishment named The City of God. The belief of capital punishment changed a bit during the Middle Age. Christianity had some influence on the people, and the Courts were told to impose capital punishment only for people who committed serious crime. This was mainly as a self-defense instrument to prevent the criminals from committing further crime and to ensure that the society was safe. Some of the theologists felt that capital punishment was to a greater extent of a hatred act against the criminal than one to enable him to reform in the future (Dulles, 2001). level though the Church opposed death sentence, it constituted a body to pronounce and capital punishment.The Church even conferred the State the authority to issue death sentences in the later part of the 16th hundred. It derived this power from the Commandant thou shall not murder, and it was performed in several instances. Slowly the Church began to approve capital punishment only in the case the criminal committed a serious crime. Slowly the status of the Church towards capital punishment began to change as they felt that life was a valued endue given by God and it was morally wrong to take ones life for sins committed. The Italian thinker Gino Concetti, wrote a Book LOsservatore Romano in 1977, demonstrating the importance and sacredness of God-given life. He said that humans could not destroy the life of another human, and even the criminals who had performed serious crimes should not be punished with death sentence. He said that there should not be any circumstance in which capital punishment was confirm as no person had the right to take the life of another and destroy one of Gods precious creations. We should be able to respect the view that God is expressing himself in man. This work had authentically changed the attitudes of Christians and the Church towards capital punishment.Many people felt that the Church itself did not respect or pick out this view of life before. There was a uproar against capital punishment in the 20th century in Europe. Several European countries who believed in Christianity began to incorporate the latest teachings and beliefs of the Church in their Legal systems. The Governments began to stealthy the importance of life (Dulles, 2001).Since, the criminal is also a human being he is a precious creation of God and has a reflection of God in himself. His actions have an element of God verbalised in it. Hence, it would be morally wrong to even punish the most serious criminals with capital punishment. In the Old Testament, the view that a criminal action should be punished with a similar action by the law-enforcement agency existed. However, a person may be expressing the Will of God through his actions. Christianity has developed over a long period, and now it does not permit both, direct destruction (taking the life of a specific person) and indirect destruction (actions performed without the intention of killing another person). In some instances, taking the life of another person by mistake may be pardoned by the Church. The Church is also against any individuals taking the life of another on the advice of the State (Pesenke, 1981).God does not allow one human to take the life of another because God is the creator of the human beings and can create or destroy a life. Any person who takes the life of another with a mental intention is sinning against God. A Human life is the most precious work of God, and destroying it would be against the Will of God. No political or legal body in the World has the right to interfere with Gods creation. It is not warra nt for any Court or King to take the life of any individual including a criminal. Many countries feel that capital punishment should be permitted at least to end the life of criminals who committed serious crimes. They may also be considering that it would be a cheaper option to end the life of such criminals than to punish them with life-imprisonment. However, the legal and the political systems should not cheapen human life, and should consider them as important to God. Having capital punishment options in the legal system is not going to reduce crimes. It is essential that the Government provides a socio-economic surround that may permit development and reduce frustration of the people. The Jews believed firmly in capital punishment and permitted it following murders, adultery, worship of idols, war crimes, and kidnapping. They feel that capital punishment would ensure that the society is safer from the actions of the criminals in the future. They also feel that anybody who destr oys God-given creations should be punished with death sentence. A counsel usually issues death sentences in Jewish hooks. The court will examine the criminal during the trial and 2 neutral witnesses should provide evidence for the case. As the ferment of issuing capital punishment under Jewish laws is very stringent, such sentences may usually emit less frequently.In several situations (such as wars, emergencies, dealing with non-Jewish criminals, etc), the stringent process is relaxed and death sentences are issued more than easily. In such situations Noah-Laws are usually applicable. Usually just one neutral witness is call for (FAQ, 2006). During the later part of the 20th century, Jewish thinkers began to oppose the use of capital punishment by the legal system. The ideas of Christian theologists are now being followed by the Jewish thinkers with regard to death sentence. Only in extremely serious crimes are capital punishment allowed by Jewish courts (FAQ, 2006). Capital p unishment is not only an ineffective way of dealing with crime (as it does not reduce the crime rate), but is also an immature way (as hatred and revenge are spread). It also cheapens the importance of God-given life. The Government should look at alternative to punish or reform the criminals.ReferencesDulles, A. C. (2001). Catholicism Capital Punishment. First Things 112, 30-35.http//www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=2175%20FAQ (2006). Question 12.21 What is the Jewish position on Capital Punishment? Retrieved on April 8, 2007, from FAQ.org Web grade Ontario Consultants on Religious security deposit from Web site http//www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/06-Jewish-Thought/section-22.htmlHorigan, D. P. (1996). Buddhism Capital Punishment. Retrieved on April 8, 2007, from The Engaged Zen Foundation from Web site http//www.engaged-zen.org/articles/Damien_P_Horigan-Buddhism_Capital_Punishment.htmlPesenke, H. C. (1981). Christian Ethics Volume II Special Moral Theology in the Light of Vatican II, Bangalore TPI.Robinson, B. A. (2006). Facts about capital punishment Part 1 data trends. Retrieved on April 8, 2007, from Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance from Web site http//www.religioustolerance.org/execut3.htmThe Bible Gateway (2007). Genesis 1 (New International Version). Retrieved on April 8, 2007, from The Bible Gateway from Web site http//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=genesis+1

Type of play Essay Example for Free

Type of die hard EssayThe importance of play is reflected by the role it plays in development. Children atomic number 18 encouraged to play with gender appropriate toys but I have to ask myself why parents would alternatively have their son play with a gun rather than a doll. most studies have linked gunplay with truculent behaviour and it is interesting to see (the duck below) that boys are more aggressive than girls at a young ageSome child wellness professionals encourage parents to limit this type of play. Concern about guns also include potential confusion with echt ones, which could spark advance to someone getting seriously injured.The media is also seen to be a major influence on behaviour. The way television affects a child depends on the childs age and what stage of cognitive development they are at. As a child watches television they absorb the program and then they interpret it to how they saw it. Some cartoons that are lashing such as itchy scratchy, which is shown on The Simpsons shows a cat and mouse ardour each other and put each others body parts in food blenders etc. Its a bit disturbing to some people but children find it hilarious. I think this is because it is un probably in real life and depending on the age of the child, they will know that this sort of behaviour is not rewarded.Boys consume to be parented in a different way from girls. Home, society and education have failed boys badly- these failures lead to unhappy men who gitnot fully become happy, responsible emotionally confident adults.There is a green goddess of research comparing the abilities and behaviours of males and females. As we consider the behaviour of boys and girls we have to consider how they differ in their behaviour.Albert Bandura believed onset reinforced by family members was the most prominent source of behaviour baby-sitling. He reports that children use the same aggressive tactics that their parents illustrate when dealing with others. Chil dren learn to act aggressive when they model their behaviour after witnessing violent acts of adults, especially family members. Bandura is most famous for his Bobo doll experiment, in this experiment he had children witness a model aggressively attacking a plastic clown called the Bobo doll. Bandura found that the children imitated the aggressive behaviour.There are umteen sex differences between boys and girls and one of the most comprehensive studies was conducted by, Maccoby and Jacklin (1974). They discover at that place were only four substantive differences between the sexes. Although the differences were small they showed there is an overlap in the behaviour of boys and girls.Although the study by Maccoby and Jacklin was in perspicaciousness Shaffer (1993) pointed out, First, girls show more emotional sensitivity. Second, girls are less venerable developmentally than boys, and are less likely to suffer from learning disabilities, various language disorder, or hyperactivi ty. Third, boys tend to be more physically supple than girls. Fourth, girls tend to be more timid than boys(PSYCHOLOGY FOR A2 LEVEL, M.W. ESYWICK, page 698)In conclusion I would like to say, that I believe that behaviour is learned from society through the process of reinforcement and modelling. Behaviours such as, Sex-role behaviour can be learned by vicarious reinforcement. When you think about it makes sense for a person to hold off doing things they are rewarded for and to stop doing things we are not.I found these quotes below and I agree with both of them on this subject.In the theory of gender I began from zero. There is no masculine power or claim I did not covet. But slowly, step-by-step, decade-by-decade, I was forced to acknowledge that even a woman of unnatural would cannot escape her hormonal identity.(Paglia, Camille, 1947 American Author Critic Educator)(Taken from www.borntomotivate.com)Except for their genitals, I dont know what immutable differences make up be tween men and women. Perhaps there are some other unchangeable differences probably there are a number of irrelevant differences. But it is clear that until social expectations for men and women are equal, until we issue equal respect for both sexes, answers to this question will simply reflect our prejudices.

Issues related to developing nations Essay Example for Free

Issues related to development nations EssayNews reports apprize that sparing giants from third orbit Asia namely China and India be expected to grow at the prise of 9. 7 and 6. 5 percent respectively. The gross domestic help product ontogenesis rate of these nations is practically higher than that of any create nation and hence are the two fastest growing economy of the world. China has now mother the factory of the world with large trans home(a) companies infusing lots of m integrityy in establishing manufacturing units and India is now one of the major(ip) destinations for tooshie office jobs and is the leading service sector economy. As a complete entity, the globalisation started presentation results right from the early eighties in s come forwardheastward easterly Asia. The bear upon which has got its roots right from the get down of 20th degree centigrade with the beginning of economic cooperation amidst Europe and the United States later became synonym ous with the al-Quran development in Far East Asiatic Countries including the ASEAN (The World Bank Group, 2000). just now still this globalisation has yet to agnise this world a better place to live. The concern related to the globalization process is the growth which is visible is actually more of mathematical in nature than the real cumulative growth.It aptitude be taking place at the cost those who are less privileged (Kumar, 2007). The purpose of this musical composition is to analyze the effects on development nations especially ASEAN which are said to the to the highest degree benefited one when one of the components of globalization, i. e. , foreign direct investment (FDI). The stem gives brief explanation of globalization and its different phases and theoretical aspects of or so of its components. While presenting theoretical arguments, the main focus of the paper is an exploration of different aspects of FDI while keeping in view of its jar on the growth of eco nomy in terms of growth in gross domestic product.The paper facial gestures in detail towards the contribution of FDI in the growth of developing nations and the role played by international firms in the fire-sale purchases. It has examined World Bank Development Indicators Website and this statistical investigation has been made to look into the above mentioned impact of FDI on GDP. The countries which have been chosen for this statistical analysis are ASEAN and various other South East Asian economies (The World Bank Group, 2000).The outcome of the paper has concentrated around the conclusion that the component of globalization which promotes pose investment as is termed as contradictory Direct investment has actually brought changes in virtually of the developing nations but at the comparable time have induced many negatives like the fire-sale incidents (Loungani Razin, 2001) and ebullient leverage can led to financial transactions causing reversal of FDI with money bei ng dislodgered back to the foreign company (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006).In addition to the above mentioned conclusions, the benefits of the FDI have appeared to decline with more integration of market. and so while studying the impact of FDI on countries, the other factors like domestic regulatory and market structures and the finale up to which the market has been liberalized are equally responsible and require to be considered and are equally requirement for the success and benefits of the FDI (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). 2. Advantage Developing nationsGlobalization and its splay across the world is very much a successful understanding of theory of competitive advantage thither by making the theory of comparative advantage as the most important concepts in international handicraft and a major reasons asshole the exis tence of WTO and its world wide success. The theory in the context of international trade explains the benefits of trade between two countries without any barrier even if one is more efficient at producing goods or operate needed and produced by the other. (Bromley, Mackintosh, Brown and Wuyts, 2004, p. 47).On close analysis this globalization can be silent as a combination of four major trends. The four trends in a globalize world are the expansion of international trade, financial flows where FDI is a major entity, global communications which includes transportation and at last the immigration i. e. , transnational movements of people. The point of discussion and research has now moved from the trends and determinants of the globalization to its various components and interaction between them. These four trends have worked quite differently while implementing the globalization process among different nations.If we piffle about FDI only, then it has been observed that the same FDI has given different result sin different nations. The South East nations gained status of being an economic powerhouse with greater export especially of ele ctronic items and ahead 1990s these nations depended on foreign money inform of investment in securities with government of these nations investing a bulk of that in exportable products like automobile and electronic items (Panelver, 2002). 3. Trade Flows and outside(prenominal) Direct enthronement The developing countries have shown substantial progress if the economy is looked upon with trade perspective.The last decade of 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate shown great results with share of trade rising i. e. , the sum of import and export as percentage of GDP rising from 34. 6 percent in 1990 to 51. 6 percent in 2000. If compared with the results of developed countries where the share of trade in GDP showed marginal improvement from 32 percent to 37. 1 percent in the same period, the level of trade as tumesce as its growth in developing nations has shown better results. The most remarkable aspect of this trade is that even the least developed countries have seen very high grow th rate in the total percentage of GDP, this trade flow occupies.The percentage of trade in GDP has increased from 26. 7 percent to 41. 3 percent in the above considered period of ten age (Loungani Razin, 2001). The Foreign Direct Investment in these developing countries in the period of above mentioned ten geezerhood has also seen upward trend with this FDI occupying 3. 5 percent of total GDP in 2000 but here this is much lesser if the same is compared to that of developed nations. In developed countries the FDI was found to be around ten percent of GDP in the year 2000. The FDI normally come under two categories.(Panelver, 2002). 4. Foreign Direct Investment and development The foreign direct investment (FDI) has been reason behind which the developing nations started making rounds of economic reforms to suck in foreign investment with a sole purpose of giving the economy a much needed boost for sustainable economic growth. The FDI inflows in many countries surged to higher le vels with large multinationals called as multinational corporations (MNCs) bringing capital in form of superior technology oiled with ultimate management skill.The transfer of cleaner technology would also bring better environmental performance. With MNCs better management of inventory and technology, the developing nations would get infused with standards normally prevailed in western world (Blomstrom and Kokko, 1996). The investment had been expected to bring more concern and higher per capita income and will make ways for cleaner consumer goods. The countries observed two basic practices. First to attract more FDI and for that the policy to get more was made central character in every national development strategies.The second one is to have investment agreements which can have global, regional or symmetric scope (Malampally Karl, 1999). The reforms of 1990s caused massive inflow of FDI in developing nations and in the last decade of the century was around 4 percent of global GDP. This miniscule amount of money formed a major portion of the GDP of some of the developing nations 26 percent of GDP in Thailand and as a whole, the share of FDI in the total GDP got raised to 3. 5 percent by the end of 2000 (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). These developing nations saw a chain of privatizations.Many government companies in those nations were acquired by MNCs despite wide spread criticism and resistance especially when companies being privatized were meant providing basic utilities like water. FDI based privatization also changed the way it has been utilized. usefulness sector got a big boost with the money coming into the nations in form of FDI and this sector accounted for almost 200 percent growth in the total FDI inflows in the period ranging from 1988 to 1999 (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). 5. FDI and the crisis Multi National Companies or the MNCs are often regarded as smart investors and great profiteers.These companies are expected to have a great experience of o pportunities and upcoming market possibilities. Now the same companies dictate their money in FDI channel and invest in developing countries with a word of bringing technological and managerial dexterity. They often buy controlling adventure in domestic firms and then reenergize the whole structure of the firm to make it more profitable and competitive. and still even a layman would believe in putting money in those areas or economy where the market if non growing at some astronomical rate but at least have a sluggish but positive growth (Krugman, 1998).The crisis of late 1990s in East Asia showed a very different business approach of MNCs. The companies were found to be putting great amount of money through FDI channel in Korea and other South East Asian countries. But this time the company went into large scale buying of local firms. These local firms were found to be cladding financial crisis causing great hand in the total value of the firm with equities available at thro w away prices. The Foreign Institutional Investors and investors in governments securities taking their money out of the country but the same financial crisis created an investment opportunity for MNCs.A number of companies changed hands with a number of MNCs from US and Europe buying controlling stakes in different South Asian firms. This sort of FDI investment pattern is more of crisis driven rather than opportunity driven. Even the governments were found to exfoliation out its stake in PSUs to foreign investors to get over the ongoing financial crisis. The fall in the value of currency and big debts diminishes the market cap of the domestic firms and then they are for sale on a platter at a throw away price to foreign players.The sudden fall in the value of the assets attracts the investors to buy those sick firms with a belief that once the crisis gets over these firms under the novel management will turn out to be a golden goose (Aguiar Gopinath, 2004). 6. Conclusion If we l ook into what every major financial organization like the IMF the World Bank and any of the OECD fixs, the most habitual thing is that all of them have suggested that this FDI is very much similar to a doctors prescription which is for the improvement of ailing industrial sectors.The transfer of cleaner technology and better management as well as socially responsible corporate policies helps in improving environmental and social conditions by gigantic amount (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). The presence of foreign firms have given positive results in the productivity of domestic firms has been dependable up to some extent but thats the case of developed nation only (Lim,2001). though the technology transfer can be made possible through foreign players but its the domestic operators who are better in controlling and firm operation.The MNCs have often been found to put money in form of FDI in the state of financial crisis. The domestic firms in a state of cash crisis are made available for purchase at a price which has been much lesser than the asset of the firm. The final conclusion out of these investments by MNCs give a clear indication that its not the efficiency that gives them the edge its the better cash position which drives the flow of FDI. Through the simulation of domestic investment and improved technology, the over all productivity and efficiency of the intentness gets a boost. So the FDI cause crowding in effect on investment.Even the simple assembling firm can make a very profitable growth with rising consumer demand. The higher consumer demand can make the industry with more players can make good returns through better technology and efficient managing (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). But the negatives associated with the globalization are also there. MNCs have been found as causing more distortion to the local conventional business structure rather than the maintaining its sanctity. Even applying the management policy of a different nation pretendin g to the workers of the new region is not going to help and will cause more harm to efficiency rather then improving it.Business and work ethics are very much symbiotic on local culture and traditions. Anything that will undermine the importance of these issues harms the work culture of the nation (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). 7.Bibliography Aguiar, M. Gopinath, G. 2004, Fire-Sale FDI and liquidness Crisis, The Review of Economics Statistics, Vol. 87, No. 3, Pages 439-452 Bromley, S, Mackintosh, M. , Brown, W. Wuyts, M. (2004). Making the International Economic Interdependence and political Order. Pluto labour Gallagher, K. V. , Zarsky, L.2006, Rethinking Foreign Investment for Development, Boston University and Businesses for Social Responsibility, USA Krugman, P 1998, Firesale FDI, working Paper, Massachusetts impart of Technology. Kokko, Ari 1994, Technology, Market Characteristics, and Spillovers, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 43, pp. 279-293. Kokko, A. and M. Blom strom 1995,. Policies to Encourage Inflows of Technology Through Foreign Multinationals, World Development, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 459- 68. Kumar, A. 2007, Does Foreign Direct Investment Help Emerging Economies? Insights from the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, vol. 2, no. 1 Lim, Ewe-Ghee 2001, Determinants of and the coincidence between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth A Summary of the Recent Literature, Working Paper 01/75, IMF. Loungani, P Razin, A. 2001, How beneficial is foreign direct investment for developing countries? Finance development Malampally, P. Karl, P. S. 1999,. Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries, Finance and Development 36 (1) OECD 2002. Foreign Direct Investment for Development, Maximizing Benefits, Minimizing Costs, Paris OECD

20th century innovators of theatre Essay Example for Free

20th cytosine innovators of ho lend oneself EssayIn this essay I will rail line and explore the pigment innovations and methodologies of the director/pr achievementician incision accept, and the Polish director/practitioner Wlodzimierz Staniewski and the pop offings of his subject comp any, Gardzienice. One of tool Brooks methodologies that I feel is key is his use of site specific work. scratch Brook entangle a imply to try and create bena outside of traditional firms. So in the early 1970s he started the experimentation of playacting in the street, in hospitals, carparks, anywhere there was a space big affluent to hold a production. In the early seventies we began doing experiments outside what was regarded as theatre. For the counterbalance three age we dissembleed hundreds of times in streets, in cafes, in hospitals, in the ancient ruins of Persepolis, in Afri stooge villages, in Ameri plunder garages, in barracks, between concrete benches in urban parks . We learned a lot, and the major regard for the instrumentalist was playing to an earreach they could see, as opposed to the invisible audition to which they were accustomed. This key innovation has helped two directors and actors all over the earth, especially actors in third world/war torn countries who either dont fool access to theatre buildings due to financial constraints, or who have no theatre buildings due to bombings. slam Brook encountered a theatre director from Soweto in Africa. This African director explained that his theatre company had been helped greatly by neb Brooks book The Empty Space, when Peter Brook asked how? the African director replied The first sentence, which is, I can take any repeal space and call it a b be stage.A man walks a stigma this empty space whilst approximatelyone else is watching him, and this is all I look at for an act of theatre to be engaged. Peter Brook matte that the newfound relationship between actor/ hearing would create a new and different dynamic for the actors involved, principal(prenominal)ly due to the proximity (closeness) of the actors and audience. One of the actors main defences previously in constituted theatre was not being able to see the audiences faces. With this new site-specific theatre this defence was shattered.Peter Brook felt that this newly created relationship between actor/audience was key in the voiced experience of the internal representation per earnance, so rather than the audience being alienated by the space, the audience communion the auditorium and the actors the stage, suddenly both parties were sharing exactly the same space. Another aspect of the empty space is that the emptiness is shared its the same space for everyone who is present. He similarly felt that there was no need for an elaborate conform, lighting and the comfort of a theatre to produce living theatre, he felt that this so called living theatre was not linked to external conditions.I wi sh to compare what can occur that on a regular stage, with set and lighting, with what can take place notwithstanding without lighting, without scenery, out of doors, in order to demonstrate that the phenomenon of a living theatre is not linked to external conditions. Gardzienice besides utilize site specific work deep down their company, but what made their use of site-specific work different to Peter Brooks form was the way in which they executed it. Firstly they would interconnect their form of site-specific work and interculterallism.The Theatre Company would travel to a village and set up for a surgical play, this would be done in full facial expression of the villages inhabitants so to insure a large turnout. A crushed group of performers would whence(prenominal) walk between the houses either engaging in short writ of executions in comportment of or inside the houses. They did this to make the villages feel like part of their murders rather than outside of them , this method connects to Peter Brooks method of actor/audience sharing the same space rather than feeling alienated, retributive spectators.The difference with Gardzienices performance/ throngs is that they dynamically encourage the villagers to get in/share in the performances. You may rehearse with local anaesthetic musicians, and if there are storytellers you try and include them as well, if not in the performance scenario then in the gatherings. So the preparations should animate the local community as much as possible. Gardzienice created these gatherings in order to share their work with agrarian communities and also give members of these communities a chance to share lifelong skills, in any performance-related art with them.If you present your skills, they will respond with their highest abilities. This method is used not only to share nice forms, it is also used as a refining vehicle, because the responses of these villagers are so unblemished by nine as we know it, Gardzienice felt that the responses of the villagers would be completely primitive and instinctive. The expedition tests and proves the strength and the causing install of the performance, of the scenes, of acting, of timing-all the aspects which indicate whether it is alive or not. It is a very good camp for refining your craft. The use of the gatherings/performances changed the theatre of its time, as did the use of site-specific spaces for Brook. These gatherings created a whole newworld of what was seen as theatre. In the 1970s theatre was seen as a performance of a play in a conventional theatre space to a nonrecreational audience. Gardzienice changed this by using the natural environment of the village as the theatre. He also had no set play, the drama would unfold in an organic completely natural way, and this also reflected upon the environment in which it was set. I am of the opinion that gathering is a secondment of theatre born(p) of itself.The traditional gathering has, inside it, the fundamental structure and principles of drama. It has an enormous theatricality and dynamism. If you observe the traditional gatherings in the villages where the concourse meet to sing, play their music and tell their stories, you will see that they are richer and more developed than many dramas on the stage. Gardzienice also created this innovation of gathering/performance to truly allow their audience to be an integral part of the performance. For without them the performance is not actually possible.The real performance, the real event is the gathering. Staniewskis company wished to change the passive audience into the active one with and through the constant evoking of their senses. He did this through his deeply moving performances, which involved music and metrical composition, this musical song was used in a very sacred riteistic way. This performance type has elements of phantasmal ritual and the natural environment, which usually connects greatl y with these villages, as most of their lives are rooted in tradition and unearthly activity and their constant company with the land.The performance demonstration is very important because it allows you to identify your work. The village is neer passive during the performance because this sort of society still has liveliness, an immediate reply to an action, a picture, to events, happenings. But the gathering is much more significant because you are changing the passive audience into the active one. In both Staniewskis and Brooks work they share a common interest in the role of the spectator. Brooks methodologies are such that the audience moldiness be an alert energy whilst speculating.Within Brooks work he is aware that the audience should be alert to the action but not directly involved. He sees the audience as active through the channelling of their positive energy onto the actors they have an awaken presence that sheers itself onto the energy of the performers. The cent er of the audience is the first element, which helps. If one feels this scrutiny as a true expectation, which demands at every moment that nothing be gratuitous, that nothing can come from limpness, but all from alertness, one understands then that the audience does not have a fully passive function.It does not need to intervene or manifest itself in order to participate. It is a constant participant through its wakened precence. On the contrary Staniewski encourages the spectator to hold up an integral part of the performance surgical procedure ( deep down gatherings), or sotimes even encouraging the audience to actively victorious part in the creation of the action. Gardzienice display their skills, to which the villagers then respond with skills of their own. You essential demonstrate your own abilities as perfectly as possible.If you present your skills, they will respond with their highest abilitys. Another very important innovation of Peter Brooks is interculterallism. He is very interested in the idea of sharing forms. Especially those that come from a long line of tradition, forms that were inbred into a people, rather than learnt/acquired as forms are usually learnt in the westerly world. When talking nigh a Taazieh performance that he saw in Iran he said about the performer It was although we heard his fathers voice, and his fathers fathers, and so on back.Although Peter Brook admires the greatness of these age-old plays/rituals/ceremonies, he also discusses the way in which these forms can stimulate out of touch with society. Peter Brook believes in pickings a form from another culture and adapting it. He believes that trying to create an exact representation of a form so alien to an outsider, yet that comes so naturally to its inhabitant is useless. Peter Brook felt that once a form was formed it was rigidly stuck and unable to progress. He said, Generally speaking, we can desist that tradition, in the sense of the word, means frozen.It is a frozen form more or less obsolete, reproduced through automatism. He feels that forms are just like any natural cycle within our universe that everyone must accept, everything is born and everything must die. He believes that only the constant re-evaluation and adaptation of a form will progress it alive. There is no form beginning with ourselves that is not subject to the fundamental law of the universe that of disappearance. tout ensemble religion, all understanding, all tradition, all wisdom accepts birth and death.In 1968 he met a Japanese actor named Yoshi Oida who was trained in No theatre. He believed that although his training was beneficial to him, it wasnt truly in touch with the world around him. Peter Brook agreed with this actors outlook, he felt that it was important to assess the context in which you are producing/performing the form in, and inevitably its connection with an audience. A magnificent form is not needfully the appropriate vehicle to carry a livin g experience once the historical context changes. So in Peter Brooks productions he takes elements of ritualistic traditions/forms that he has encountered by innate people, and he adapts them to jibe Hesperian actors/audiences. For Peter Brooks production of The Conference of the Birds, he brought in a Balinese actor with a vast experience in the use of traditional Balinese masks, to work with his actors. Although the acting company was in awe of what they saw him do with these masks, they knew that it would be almost impossible to recreate. He used the mask as a Balinese tradition, with a thousand years of ritual behind it.It would have been ridiculous for us to try to be what we were not. Finally we asked him what it was possible for him to do. Gardzienice has a similar methodology with regards to interculterallism but rather then heavily reforming the impost the Theatre Company try to translate the disposition of the form that is shared with them whether in song or dance. Staniewski and his collaborators in Gardzienice translate what they explore and discover in their expeditions into their own highly complex and innovative theatre language.Gardzienice take the use of interculterallism to a completely new level through their use of the Gathering. This event not only involves sharing of cultural forms, it also takes the reactions of the spectators, or the sounds of the natural environment during a performance, and adds this to its theatre language, so it can be recreated in later rehearsals/performances. This innovation Staniewski calls interference in dialogue For manakin, an actor speaks a monologue and a voice from the crowd is constantly adding something. This is when they interject with material belonging to their own lives. So Gardzienice not only share and receive songs and rituals with these villagers, crossing the boundaries of culture, they also apply their natural reactions to aid the exploitation of their material. This innovation again bears similarities to Peter Brooks methodologies, although Brook does not directly involve the spectators in the action. Although he believes that the actors and the audience have a link through their imagination, he doesnt want them too directly participate as in the gatherings of Gardzienice. In the sixties we dreamed of an audience participating. Naively, we thought that participating meant demonstrating with ones body, jumping onto the stage, footrace around and being part of the group of actors. The participation that Brook talks of is more of a close participation, not in the sense of conventional theatre where the audiences are there to just watch. They must exquisitely tune their energies into the energies of the actors in order to create an extra daily atmosphere/energy. The audience does not need to intervene or manifest itself in order to participate. It is a constant participant through its awakened presence. De-urbanisation is a key innovation shared by both practit ioners. This de-urbanisation was thought to have helped cleanse the acting company of the pollutions of city life. It also helped them to get more accustomed to the natural world. De-urbinisation is a recognizable process in the history of twentieth-century actor training. Stanislavski, Vakhtangov, Brook and Copeau have, at some point, sought rural retreats for their work. The differences in their use of de-urbinisation being that Brook retreated to country retreats whilst being involved in certain rehearsals, but Gardzienice has a permanent residence in rural Poland.Brook and Staniewski believe that urban life warps our bodies. Staniewski holds the same view he said in an interview Habitants brought from the city slowly die out the defensive carriage (necessary there), the dullness of the senses, and the indifference. Gradually we become sensitive to one another, we feel our constant, tangible, warm presence. Another of Staniewskis key methodologies is incorporating religious/ritu alistic ceremonies into nearly all of their performances. This is not a new innovation as theatre was born originally out of religion, but it is a key factor within Garzienices theatre practices.His theatre is a spiritual theatre that encompasses outside factors and digests them in order to externalize them whenever necessary. Staniewski expects greatness in his performances not only through the actors transmission of the material gathered over the long rehearsal period, but also with regards to the reaction of the audience. I think that Staniewski wishes the reaction of the audience (and to some extent the actor) to be similar to the transcendence that some religious ceremonies awake in people. Should one expect miracles from a performance? Yes.You have to know how to wangle the ingredients, ignite the fire under the crucible, and then the actors can transmute their material into gold. Peter Brook believes that the religious/ritualistic ceremony/performance can be completely lost once taken out of its natural environment. In the community where the ritual originates from religious sense usually pervades everything. A Hesperian audience may not understand or want to understand the importance of the religious element/indigenous peoples way of life with regards to the context of this ritual, therefore something in the spectators reaction will be lost.Brook gave an example of a performance by the Bengal Chauu a group of villagers who act out battle, moving forward in little jumps. In India Bengal Chauu are greatly standard, a big excitement for the villagers. But when the same performance was performed in front of a British audience Peter Brook felt that there was no energy left within it. The spirit was no longer present, nothing was left but a show, a show with nothing to show. Another key innovation that Staniewski discovered was that of musicalness.It not only involves medicinal drug in its true sense through the use of choral work, but also musicality c reated through the body (rhythms). This form is seen to have a direct connection with the earth, Staniewski believes that every natural element brooks musicality within it. I am utterly convinced that the earth is musical, that it has musicality and that every part of nature can be musical He believes that musical composition can be composed in a totally new way to its traditional form of writing a score. He feels that the western music is in some way inhibited by its strictness in form.Thats why our western music, codified since the middle ages, is sometimes refereed to as reduced. Through the use of breath, animal sounds that occur through our connection with the earth (such as stamping), using these sounds can help to create a musical composition, full of the earths richness. The replete(p) world is filled with sound. But natural sounds represent a rich world of music. In dogs barking in the village and birds singing at my window, I hear musical compositions, which inspire me. These innovations have revolutionized the way in which theatre is produced today.In the 1970s when these forms were first discovered music would only appear within theatrical performances in the traditional musical theatre setting, or to increase tension, or as solid ground music. Peter Brook uses music to create dramatic tension. He sees music as accompanying the action, rather then as in Gardzienices work music being a through line during all performances. He sees music as a complimentary tool that can help develop the energies of the actor. In contrast to Staniewski He imagines this music to be outside of the actor, composed, rather then created by the performers.The simple present of a pulse or a throb is already a tightening the action and a sharpening of the interest. hence other instruments enter to play a role-always in relation to the action. But feels that this music must contain a unified language with relation to the performance, and cant contain a language of its own language, whereas Staniewski combines the two to create a newer more innovative language. Staniewski connects musicality to spirituality, although he believes that the church has had a negative model in the codification of music.The churchs influence on Western music is a well-known story. Dissonance was regarded as a sin. Ornamentation is not only an expression of emotion but also an intellectual statement-the church service found it too dangerous and reduced it. The connection and utter concentration of the senses that musicality techniques arouse can awake the inner senses making it an almost religious experience. Codified music is usually in the background of this musicality, creating a great juxtaposition in the finished performances.He sees the music as framing the musicality. My performances arrest music and musicality. You have to form your artistic proposal and frame it. Once you repeat this enclose work, you are developing a uniform structure of sound. Musicality is li ke a rough diamond, which is perfectly framed by the gold of the codified music. melodic phrase is also an important aspect of Garzienices musicality singing/choral work is incorporated in some way into every one of their performances. Song is not used in a traditional sense within their practices.The act of singing is seen as something sacred, like sharing something with you audience. It is not about communicating a skill or ability as in the conventional meaning. It must not just involve your head your whole body must become consumed by the song. Song is a being it is not just a composition or melody which must simply be sung. Nor is it a pretext for an actor to express his or her ability as an actor. Song is not illustration Most of the songs that are used within Gardzienices performances are strongly linked to a given community or tradition (as with all of his work).The creative potential of this way of perceiving performance has received further confirmation through Staniewski s discovery of related techniques found in native cultures. He feels that the song in its natural tradition is sung from deep within and that is what he wants his actors to recreate. They take the song and then deconstruct it using varying words, harmonies and tempos etc. You have to penetrate the song through experimentation through making different combinations of voices and harmonies.You explore different musical ideas, which will suddenly show you different plants within the organism of the song. Gardzienice have explored harmony, polyphony and dissonance rhythm and counterpoint. This way of singing is seen to produce an almost purgative effect, through the deep training and the actors real sincerity in giving the song through humbleness rather than through self and ego. I am an idealist. I always believe that there must be a final destination within a song, a way of singing it, which explains everything, livery a sort of catharses.In conclusion I have compared the methodolog ies of two key 20th century innovators of theatre. I started off talking about Peter Brooks use of site-specific spaces. I feel that this has been a key and revolutionary innovation in terms of the freedom it has given actors/theatre companies. It has in a way broken a barrier between the classes. Poorer companies of actors may not have been able to give in to hire out large theatre spaces. It has also encouraged the actors to be more creativity within the context of performance.Gardzienices methodology is similar to Brooks in relation to using a non-theatrical space as a setting for a performance. But they take it one step further with the involvement of the people of the village within their performances also talked about actor/audience relationship and audience participation. Peter Brook believes that the spectators are active through their silent energies. Gardzienice wants the audience to directly participate in the action. With regards to inter/cross culturalism Gardzienice e mbraces other cultures forms and incorporates many of them into their unique theatre language.Peter Brook also embraces other cultures forms, but he constantly evolves them, retaining little of their original substance. Both Peter Brook and Staniewski have embraced de-urbanisation. Peter Brook during some of his rehearsal periods. Gardzienice indefinitely. Both practitioners were interested in ritual. Peter Brook felt that something is lost when these rituals are performed out of their original contexts. Gardzienice have a great respect for other cultures rituals, they rehearse these songs/dances so much that they become a part of them, thus becoming re-contextualised.The last topic discussed was music/musicality/song. Gardzienice have revolutionised the process of creating music within a performance. A new non-codified type of music has arisen that can work aboard the codified form. Peter Brookes music as a background element in a performance to at times highlights the action. In my estimation all of these innovations have been important in the development of theatre, as we know it. But I believe that Garzienice on every level have taken Peter Brooks methodologies one step further.