Scm in Petroleum Industry

International Journal of Global Logistics & Supply Chain Management. Vol. 1, zero(prenominal) 2, 1 November 2006, 90 97. Supply Chain Management in the sore constancy Ch each(prenominal)enges and Opportunities RAED HUSSAIN surgical incision of Quantitative Methods & Information Systems, Kuwait University, Kuwait TIRAVAT ASSAVAPOKEE Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Houston, Texas, U. S. A. BASHEER KHUMAWALA Department of Decision and Information Sciences, University of Houston, Texas, U.S. A. Supply mountain strand prudence in the vegetable crude embrocate color color persistence contains various challenges, specifically in the logistics ara, that atomic outlet 18 non present in most sunrise(prenominal)(prenominal) industries. These logistical challenges be a study influence on the terms of petroleum and its derivatives. However, opportunities for monetary value savings in logistics still do exist. Giant oil and petro chemic companies atomic number 18 at a lower placetaking a assembly line compete perform that saves companies millions of dollars.The objective of this constitution is to discard some light on the add on string challenges and opportunities in the vegetable oil assiduity and on swap practices that assume persistent been employed by fossil oil painss giants well-nigh the world, much(prenominal) as BP, BASF, H iodinywell, Nova, and a good deal much, yet have long been ignored in the operations steering literature. Keywords Supply Chain Management, Logistics, oil color constancy, The Swap Practice 1.Introduction The steadily change magnitude global solicit for oil and its derivatives such as petro chemicals has enabled companies providing these products to take in more customers and attach their market sh be and profitability. This boom in global command along with the ease of international trade and the inflexibility1 pertain in the fossil oil manufacturings preparation bowe d stringed instrument has made its superintendment more complex and more challenging (Coia, 1999 Morton, 2003). Despite the importance of furnish mountain range management and its growing complexness, the vegetable oil manufacturing is still in the learning stage of efficiently managing their interpret range of a functions.In fact, according to Steve Welsh, a managing haveor of the College of Petroleum and Energy Studies at the University of Oxford, the oil and petrochemical exertions insight into the come out chain is still in its infancy (Schwartz, 2000). However, even with the inflexibility and complexity involved in the industrys bestow chain, there is a lot of room for improvement and salute step-down, specifically in its logistics ara. Werner Paratorius, electric chair of BASFs petrochemicals division say Supply chain management is the sand of a product line where logistics be can be wideer than manufacturing cost (Whit cranial orbit, 2004, p. R12).By the end of 2004, world-wide demand for oil reached 75 million barrels per sidereal day and has been projected to attach at a crop of 2 percentageage per year over the next ten geezerhood. For example, Chinas demand for energy alone is pass judgment to grow at a rate of 4. 5 percent per year for the next five years and reach four million barrels by 2010. However, receivable to recent policy- do unrest in the Middle East, which is the largest oil producing region, sustainable oil release has expire spunkyly unpredictable. crude and petrochemicals companies argon forced to maintain higher(prenominal) safety stocks and search for alternative sources of supplies (Ikram, 2004).Inflexibility in the communicate chain is the constraints involved along the chain, such as long lead-times, manufacturing capacity, and restrict means of transfer of training, that be hard to change. 1 Commodities such as oil, splosh, and petrochemicals require specific modes of conveyance of title s uch as pipelines, vessels or tankers, and railroads. These commodities are pay backd in specific and limited regions of the world, yet they are demanded all over the globe since they represent an innate source of energy and raw material for a large number of other industries.Several weeks lead-time from the postping signalise to the last(a) exam customers location is very unwashed in this type of industry. For example, it takes five weeks for the Persian disjunctions oil to make its panache to the United States and up to another three weeks for it to be cultivateed and delivered (Schwartz, 2000). Opening in the altogether production sites or scattering centers close-set(prenominal) to dispersed customers is one way to press the lead time and transportation system be. However, the acquisition of such facilities in the oil and petrochemical industries, if feasible, is typically very pricy and a great deal results in higher inventory and operating be (Hebert, 2004).Re d Cavaney, chairperson of the American Petroleum Institute, s upkeep Most companies are unlikely to press the hearty investment needed to even begin the bring (Hebert, 2004) These factors are pushing oil and petrochemicals companies to either absorb the increase in costs or pass the costs on to customers who are already veneer increasing prices. Companies therefore have recognized that improved communicate chain efficiencies represent a huge area for cost savings, specifically in the logistics area they are estimated to be an average amongst 10 and 20 percent of revenues (Hamilton, 2003).Also, companies believe that the provision chain in which they participate as customers and providers is what creates competition rather than individual companies (Whitfield, 2004 Lange, 2004 Morton, 2003 Bianchi, 2003 Collins, 1999 Coia, 1999). Despite the importance of the petroleum industry in our daily life and the operational challenges it involves, unfortunately the topic has acquire ve ry little attention in operations and affix chain management literature. The objective of this paper, therefore, is to shed some light on challenges and opportunities in the petroleum industrys supplement chain management.Our wrangleion bequeath focus on a practice that has been saving companies millions of dollars but has long escaped the attention it deserves from academia. The practice is referred to as systematic concerted interactive barter (also called swaps) (Haberman, 2002). 2. Supply Chain Management in the Petroleum Industry Before getting into any set ahead discussion of render chain management in the petroleum industry, it is important to first clarify the industry background and its production play. A brief explanation is available in the appendix. The bring chain of the petroleum industry is extremely complex compared to other industries.It is divided into deuce diametric, yet closely related, major segments the upstream and downriver egress chains. The up stream supply chain involves the acquisition of crude oil, which is the distinctive feature of the oil companies. The upstream march includes the exploration, forecasting, production, and logistics management of delivering crude oil from remotely located oil wells to refineries. The downstream supply chain starts at the refinery, where the crude oil is even offd into the consumable products that are the specialty of refineries and petrochemical companies.The downstream supply chain involves the process of forecasting, production, and the logistics management of delivering the crude oil derivatives to customers around the globe. Challenges and opportunities exist now in some(prenominal) the upstream and downstream supply chains. 3. Challenges in the Supply Chain 3. 1. Logistical Challenges The logistics interlocking in the petroleum industry is highly inflexible, which arises from the production capabilities of crude oil suppliers, long transportation lead times, and the limitat ions of modes of transportation.Every point in the nedeucerk, therefore, represents a major challenge (Jenkins and Wright. 1998). The oil and petrochemical industries are global in nature. As a result, these commodities and products are transferred surrounded by locations that arein many casescontinents apart. The long distance between supply chain partners and slow modes of transportation induce not exactly high transportation costs and in-transit inventory, but also high inventory carrying costs in terms of safety stocks at the final customer location.The great distances between supply chain partners present a high variant of transportation times that can hurt suppliers in terms of do levels and final customers in terms of safety stock costs. Moreover, the transportation process is carried out either by ships, trucks, pipelines, or railroads. In many instances, a shipment has to exploit multiple transportation modes before reaching the final customers location. Very few indust ries 91 deal with that human body of complexity in shipping, said Doug Houseman, a senior manager at the consulting firm Accenture (Morton, 2003, p. 1). Such constraints on transportation modes in this type of industry induce long lead times from the shipping point to the final customers location compared to other industries. Hence, considering the amount of inflexibility involved, meeting the broadening shot of oil demand and its derivates while maintaining high service-levels and efficiency is a major challenge in the petroleum industry. 3. 2. Other Challenges The logistics function is only one of many areas that affect supply chain performance in the petroleum industry.Integrated process management, development systems and discipline share-out, organizational restructuring, and cultural reorientation are as as important (Ikram, 2004). The need for integrated processes all the way from procurement of raw materials to the delivery of the final product is crucial for a politic al partys success. Manufacturing efficiency alone does not ensure a competitive utility anymore, said Paratorius, president of BASFs petrochemicals division (Whitfield, 2004, p. R12). The industry lags behind in using integrated planning across the supply chain.This type of disintegration in the supply chain can increase the cost of acquiring crude oil, which pull up stakes eventually affect gas prices for consumers (Coia, 1999). Also, due to the globalization of the petroleum industry supply chain, sophisticated information engineering science is essential for smooth information incline considering the complexity of the logistics ne twainrk in such an industry. Companies kins in supply chain networks are at present related to the effective use of information technology (Guimaraes, Cook, and Natarajan, 2002).A data flow diagram (DFD) was developed by Hull in 2001 to improve supply chain information flow reliability of the Alaskan northwest hawk Oil supply chain. The study sh owed that using the DFD helped to realize the importance of the relationship between scheduling and dispatching (synchronization). By using the DFD to examine the information flow, boilersuit supply chain efficiency was improved and distortion,2 which is greatly related to supply chain structure, was greatly reduced.Moreover, the generic DFD developed offers a template for mildew any supply chain or logistics activity, whether it is a push, pull, or a hybrid push/pull system (Hull, 2001). Sophisticated information technology is also essential for petroleum industries due to security needs. Petroleum companies ship a great deal of hazardous products, and supply chain partners (suppliers and customers) must(prenominal) be aware of the locations of each shipment at any point in time. According to Houseman at Accenture, chemical companies are considering radiocommunication technology to track their shipments (Morton, 2003).Another challenge in the petroleum industry supply chain is t he attitude and anxiety regarding coaction and information sharing between supply chain partners. While collaboration and information sharing represent a crucial factor for supply chain efficiency, companies in the petroleum industry are sometimes cautious when it comes to sharing their demand/costs information, said Salah Al-Kharraz, a supply chain director at Equate Petrochemicals (Personal Communication, 23 December 2004). This type of parsimony regarding collaboration and sharing demand/costs information can waste opportunities for costs saving.Improved supply chain efficiency in the petroleum industry, therefore, needs a impertinently philosophy in collaboration, even if this means working with competitors. Collaboration, information sharing, and admittance optimization require the greatest mind change because chemical producers and LSPs would have to work with their competitors, as well as with other operators in the supply chain, said Phil Browitt, CEO of AGILITY, a logist ics firm (Young, 2005, p. 10). The acquisition of sophisticated information technology, although necessary, can only do so much if it is not support by a cultural change.The next section will discuss an opportunity, specifically a practice that has been saving companies millions of dollars in the petroleum industrys supply chain, yet has not received the attention it deserves in academia. 4. Opportunities in the Supply Chain and Swap Practices In an effort to manage their supply chain and reduce costs, oil and petrochemical companies are outsourcing3 their logistics4 functions. As the class in outsourcing has grown, these companies have become increasinglyDistortion in Hulls paper is the bullwhip effect established by the well-known beer game developed by Sterman (1989) and Senge (1990). 3 Outsourcing takes place when an organization transfers the ownership of a business process to a supplier. 92 2 reliant on the services of third-party5 logistics companies for managing their supp ly chains (Collins, 1999). Companies in the petroleum industry, however, took the outsourcing conception one step further and found that one way of outsourcing their logistics functions is to ally and collaborate with competitors.This form of collaboration is referred to as a systematic cooperative reciprocal barter (also called swaps or exchanges) of supplies, assets, market share, or even the entire business among competitors (ODwyer, 1988 Robert, 1995 Gain, 1997 Alperowicz, 2001 Sim, 2002). However, scorn the square advantages this practice has generated for companies, a defined model for making such decisions does not exist. The subject has barely received any attention in the operations management literature.Currently, no specific method has been adopted to determine when companies should set about to make swap decisions. An interview with supply chain directors in two international petrochemical companies that have been involved in swapping with their competitors for the p ast few years revealed that the only methods utilise are judgmental6 methods and spreadsheets. Although judgmental approaches may improve truth in many decision-making troubles, they should not be the only methods employed. The use of only such approaches cannot guarantee an optimal solution. 4. 1.The Swap Practice In a commodity-type industry such as oil and petrochemicals, the source of the commodity is often of no interest to the final customer as long as the commodity adheres to its required specifications and the delivery of that commodity is made by the promised due date. Therefore, competing oil and petrochemical companies form supply chain alliances when delivering commodities to customers in order to reduce transportation and inventory costs and improve customer service. In return, cost savings for transportation in the overall supply chain are shared among participating companies.This form of collaboration is referred to as shipment swapping. This miscellanea of collab oration with competitors creates a shared solution to common supply chain obstacles and is predicted to be the Next Big Thing (Morton, 2003). The swapping technique is really use by oil and petrochemical companies around the world in all of its different forms asset swapping, business swapping, and shipment swapping. However, because of the absence of any general uninflected discussion of swap practices in the literature, we first turn in examples from the oil and petrochemicals industry for each form of swap practice being utilise.This is done to illustrate the advantages of collaboration among competitors. Due to brevity, only the more recent examples of such practices are discussed here. 4. 2. Asset Swapping In 2001, BP became the largest olefins producer in Germany after an asset swap with E. ON, a German utility company. Following the deal, BP took over Veba Oel, E. ONs oil, refining, and petrochemicals business, and E. ON bought BPs 25 percent stake in Ruhrgas, Germanys l argest gas distributor. The deal gave BP 2. 1 million tons of ethylene7 capacity in Germany, which is about 40 percent of the countrys total, and ave E. ON ascendency of one of the largest gas distribution networks in Germany (Milmo, 2001). In 2003, BASF, a lead German chemical company, and Honeywell signed a long-term deal under which BASF will supply Honeywell with nylon chips and Honeywell will supply BASF with specialty nylon and nylon co-polymers8. Since Honeywell has a back breakout presence in electrical and tooling applications and BASF is strong in the automotive sector, the deal has benefited both companies in their business specialties. For example, in 2003 the deal raised BASFs market share in nylon from 9 percent to 35 percent and gaveLogistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of raw material, in-process inventory, immaculate goods, and related information from point of origin to point of consump tion to adjust to customer requirements (Council of Logistics Management, 1998, p. 2). 5 Third-party logistics is the use of an outside company to perform all or part of the firms materials management and product distribution function. 6 A judgmental method is the use of peoples opinions when making decisions. 7 Ethylene is a colorless gas at room temperature.At very low temperatures, it is a liquid. It is used as a refrigerant and in welding and cutting metals. It is also used to manufacture ethylene oxide, mustard gas, and other organics and to accelerate the ripening of fruits. 8 When a polymer chain-like molecule is made by linking only one type of venial molecule together, it is called a homopolymer. When two different types of molecules are joined in the same polymer chain, it is called a co-polymer. 93 4 Honeywell the chance to concentrate on carpet, apparel, and fabrics for automotive upholstery. Honeywell plans to eventually sell the nylon business (Sim, 2003).More recent ly, the Kuwait Petroleum family (KPC) and the Iraqi Oil Institute (SOMO) signed a comprehensive enumeration of understanding related to exchanges of shipments of Kuwaiti benzene and diesel with Iraqi subjective gas. The swap will be implemented in two phases. 35 million cubic feet of Iraqi instinctive gas will be supplied daily to Kuwait for about one year at an estimated cost of U. S. $24 million during the first phase. Then, 165 million cubic feet of internal gas will be supplied daily to Kuwait for about two years at an estimated cost of U. S. 700 million dollars during the second phase. Meanwhile, Kuwait will supply Iraq with oil derivatives, benzene, and diesel, ranging from two to three million liters of benzene and 1. 3 to 1. 5 million liters of diesel daily (Alshalan, 2004). The outcome of this agreement is expected to probatively benefit both countries. Kuwait produces a relatively retiring volume of essential gas (around 293 billion cubic feetBcfin 2002), the eno rmous majority of which is associated gas. 9 Prior to the 1990-1991 gulf War, Kuwait received significant volumes of natural gas from Iraq.The gas came from Iraqs southern Rumaila field by dint of a 40-inch, 100-mile, 300 Mmcf/d pipeline to Kuwaits primeval manifold at Ahmadi. The gas was used for the production of petrochemicals, electricity, and water by means of desalination processes. With such uses of natural gas, the Kuwaiti-Iraqi swapping deal could free up a substantial amount of oil to Kuwait, possibly 100,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) for merchandise by 2006, which is presently used for similar purposes. For example, 65,000 bbl/d of render oil is currently used to generate electric power in Kuwait.Throughout most of the 1990s, Iraq by and large did not have access to the latest progressive oil industry technology. Saybolt International reported that Iraq oil companies, NOC and SOC, were able to increase their oil production through and through the use of short-term t echniques not generally considered acceptable in the oil industry (i. e. , water flooding, the injection of dandy oil products into crude reservoirs). In addition, a U. N. report in June 2001 state that Iraqi oil production capacity would fall sharply unless practiced and infrastructure problems were addressed.Moreover, Iraqs southern oil industry was decimated in the 1990-1991 Gulf War, with production capacity falling to 75,000 bbl/d in mid-1991. The Gulf War resulted in the destruction of (a) gathering centers and compression/degassing stations at Rumaila (b) storage facilities, including the 1. 6 million bbl/d (nameplate capacity) Mina al-Bakr/Basra export terminal and (c) pumping stations along the 1. 4 million bbl/d (pre-war capacity) Iraqi Strategic (North-South) Pipeline. Seven other sizable fields live damaged or partially mothballed.These include Zubair, Luhais, Suba, Buzurgan, Abu Ghirab, and Fauqi. Generally speaking, oil field development plans were put on hold si deline Iraqs onset of Kuwait, with Iraqi efforts focused on maintaining production at existing fields. At the present time, problems with Iraqs refineriesstemming largely from post-war looting and sabotage in addition to power outagescontinue to force the country to import gasoline, diesel, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), and other refined products from neighboring countries (Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey).As of October 2004, Oil Minister Ghadban said that Iraqi gasoline imports were running around 40,000 bbl/d (mainly by truck), costing the country U. S. $60 million per month in direct costs. This does not include the additional cost of steep government subsidies on the consumer price of gasoline, which runs around 10 cents per gallon. It is estimated that overall direct and indirect oil subsidies cost Iraq U. S. $8 billion per year, with no indication as to when this problem might be resolved (Country Analysis Brief, March 2004).As a result, both countries are expected to benefit from the swapping agreement Iraq will secure current and future needs of oil, benzene, and diesel and Kuwait will use the natural gas for the production of petrochemicals, electricity, and water while freeing up a substantial amount of oil for exportation. 4. 3. Swapping Businesses In 1997, PPG Industries, a specialty chemical company, exchanged its surfactants10 business for BASFs packaging coatings business. This swap resulted in the yield of PPGs portfolio and led to the expansion of geographic opportunities for the coating business.Moreover, this swap enabled PPG to become one of the worlds largest suppliers of package coating for food, aerosols, and other container and packaging applications. On the other hand, this business swap made it possible for BASF to carry its surfactants offerings for the food, personal care, and coatings industries (Gain, 1997). 9 10 Associated gas is found and produced in participation with oil. Surfactants are also known as wetting agent s and may be liquids or powders. Surfactants are used in aqueous cleaners to provide detergency, emulsification, and wetting action. 4 Similarly, BP swapped its polyethylene dihydric alcohol11 (PEG) ether brake fluid business for the butyl glycol ether12 (BGE) solvents operation belonging to Clariant, a Swiss specialty chemical company. However, this swapping deal was restricted only to the exchange of customer lists and contracts. No manufacturing units, staff, or cash transfer between the two companies took place. Clariant discontinued production of BGE at Gendorf, Germany, and BP discontinued manufacturing brake fluids at Lavera.The deal broadened the range of products that Clariant supplied to the automotive industry and enabled BP to better utilize the Lavera BGE plant (Alperowicz, 2001). 4. 4. Swapping Shipments During 2000, a swapping sight of liquid natural gas took place among Spain, Algeria, and Trinidad. Spains Gas Natural became the first European LNG buyer to resell L NG to the U. S. market. This gas had been sold to Gas Natural by Atlantic LNG of Trinidad. At the same time, Algerian LNG dedicated to the United States was delivered to Spain, reduction shipping charges for all parties.In 2001, these swaps developed into a more permanent arrangement with the signing of a contract between Sonatrach of Algeria, Gas Natural of Spain, Tractebel LNG North America in the United States, and Distrigas of Belgium. Companies with interests on both sides of the Atlantic gained an advantage over others, enabling them to react faster to any market opportunity (Gandolphe, 2002). Moreover, Nova chemics, a Canadian chemical company, and BASF entered a swap deal for phenylethylene13 in which Nova supplied BASF in North America and BASF supplied Nova in Europe.This agreement provided each company with a stable supply of styrene without committing either one to significant investments. The deal also gave each company a low-cost styrene position for their PS (Sim, 2002). Another swap example is between initiatory Indian polymer manufacturers Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd. (HPL) and GAIL Ltd. , Indias principal gas transmission and marketing company. The two companies entered into a product swapping and sharing arrangement that forced other polymer sellers in eastern and northern India to retreat from the market.Under this swapping agreement, both companies gained substantial savings on freight costs. Gail supplied HPLs customers in northern India from its plant in Uttar Pradesh, and HPL served Gails customers in eastern and southeastern Asia by supplying them from the Haldia plant (Saha, 2003). 5. demonstration More efficient and cost effective supply chain practices in the petroleum industry represent important factors for maintaining continuous supplies of crude oil, the reduction of lead times, and lowering of production and distribution costs.Due to the inflexibility involved in the petroleum industrys supply chain network, logistics represe nt a great challenge. However, it is only one of several challenging factors. Integrated process management, information systems and information sharing, organizational restructuring, and cultural reorientation are equally important. Despite the great challenges in the petroleum industrys supply chain, opportunities for improvements and cost savings do exist along the supply chain. genius major area for improvement and cost savings lies in the logistics function.Companies in the petroleum industry have become increasingly reliant on the services of third-party logistics companies to manage their supply chains. Companies in the petroleum industry took the outsourcing idea a step further to collaborate with competitors and found shared solutions to their supply chain challenges. This form of collaboration is referred to as a systematic cooperative reciprocal barter, or swaps. Collaboration among competing companies in the form of swaps is a practice that can offer companies huge savi ngs and introduce new opportunities.However, despite its wide use and benefits, especially in the oil and petrochemical industries, the subject has not received the attention it deserves in the operations management literature. Currently, judgmental methods and the aid of spreadsheets are the only approaches utilized when attempting swap decisions. Although great savings are realized by companies using swap practices, the 11 Polyethylene glycol is a non-toxic chemical used in a variety of products such as skin creams, toothpaste, shampoos, etc. 12 Butyl glycol ether is a widely-used solvent for many applications. 3 Styrene is a chemical molecule used in polystyrene manufacturing, the rubber industry, and the reinforced plastic industry. 95 approaches used for making such decisions cannot guarantee an optimal solution, and hence, opportunities to utilize the full susceptibility of swap practices are not fully exploited. Therefore, the next step would be the utilization of management science techniques, presumably mathematical/simulations models. These methods will significantly enhance the capability of such forms of collaboration and will represent valuable tools for practitioners to use. . Appendix Production Process and Industry Background Crude oil and natural gas are the raw materials of the petroleum industry. They are used for the production of petrochemicals and other oil derivatives. After the production of crude oil is complete from oil reserves located deep underground or in sea beds, the crude oil undergoes a distillation14 process. As a result of the distillation process, various fractions of the crude oil are produced, such as fuel gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene, and naphtha. 5 The takings of the distillation process is then provided to refineries as feedstocks. These feedstocks are first graceful through ginger nut16 operations before they are supplied to petrochemical plants. Once the cracking process is complete, companies a re able to obtain new products that serve as the make blocks of the petrochemical industry, such as olefins (i. e. , mainly ethylene, propylene, and the so-called Carbon (C) derivatives, including butadiene) and aromatics, which include benzene, toluene, and the xylenes.After the cracking process, petrochemical products such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, and the xylenes are then used at petrochemical plants to produce even more specialized products, such as plastics, soaps and detergents, healthcare products (such as aspirin), synthetic fibers for clothes and furniture, rubbers, paints, and insulating materials. References Alperowicz, N. (2001, August 29 kinfolk 5). BP swap business with Clariant. Chemical Week, 163, 33. Alshalan, M. (2004, December 15). Iraqi gas to Kuwait and Kuwaiti benzene to Iraq. Alwatan, 10368/4814 Year 43.Bianchi, M. (2003). Getting to the route. ACN Asian Chemical pertlys, September, 19. BP, Conoco swap Gulf of Mexico, Alaskan as sets. (1993, November 15). Oil & Gas Journal, 91, 46. Coia, A. (1999, July 12). Integrating oils supply chain. employment World, 259, 2. Collins, T. (1999, September 9). Striking it big together. Supply Management, 4, 18. Gain, B. (1997, August 27 September 3). PPG, BASF swap businesses. Chemical Week, 159, 33. Gandolphe, S. (2002). Flexibility in natural gas supply and demand. International Energy Agency. Guimaraes, T. , Cook, D. , & Natarajan, N. (2002).Exploring the importance of business clockspeed as a moderator for determinants of supplier network performance. Decision Sciences. 33, 4, Fall, 629. Haberman, D. I. , (2002, April 19). Petroleum swapping between oil giants exchanges An elephant in our bread and butter room, Statement submitted to the Federal Trade Commission Second Conference re Factors that Affect Price of Refined Petroleum Products. Hamilton, S. (2003, August). 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Transportation & Distribution, 41, 8. Senge. (1990). The Fifth Discipline, the Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, Doubleday, New York, NY, Chapter 3.Sim, P. H. (2003 , May 7). BASF Honeywell complete nylon swap. Chemical Week, 165, 17. Sim, P. H. (2002, August 14). Nova-BASF Styrene Swap makes sense. Chemical Week, 164, 32. Sterman, J. D. (1989). Modeling managerial behavior Misconceptions of feedback in dynamic decision making experiment, Management Sciences, 355. 3, 321 39. Westervelt. R. (2002). Seeking greater supply chain efficiency through Whitfield, M. (2004, Sep 20 Sep 26). A stronger link. European Chemical News, 81, 2116, R12. Young, I. (2005). Industry eyes big savings from supply chain collaboration. Chemical Week. Nov 2, 167, 36, 10. 97